2023-06-18 01:00:37 | 阅读:
问题:什么是动词时态?
在英语中,只有动词会有时态的变化(动词形式发生变化),而其他词类如名词等等则没有时态的变化,名词有单复数、可数不可数等变化,而动词则没有。某些语法项目是针对固定的词类,如比较级则针对形容词和副词,其他词类则没有这种变化。以上说的是常识共性的东西。
再说时态:时是“时间”的缩写,动词的时就是动作发生的时间不同而导致动词形式发生变化。
(动作发生的)时间分为过去、现在和将来三种情况。
如果动作发生的时间是过去,则动词的形式需要用动词的过去式形式。如:
He worked for the company.
动词work发生在过去,因此变成过去式worked;反之:动词用过去式worked,则推导出这个动作发生的时间是过去。
如果动作发生的时间是现在,则动词的形式需要用动词的原形。如:
I work for the company.
动词work发生在现在,则直接用原形work;反之:动词用work,则推导出这个动作发生的时间是现在。
注意:如果主语是单数第三人称,则需要变成works,这是主谓一致的问题,而不是动词时的问题,works同样是现在发生的动作。
如果动作发生的时间是将来,则动词的形式需要用动词的将来形式。如:
He will work for the company.
动词work发生在将来,因此变成将来形式will work;反之:动词用将来形式will work,则推导出这个动作发生的时间是将来。
此外,动词的时还有一种情况,就是“过去将来”,这种“时”似乎自相矛盾,过去就是过去,将来就是将来,怎么还有“过去将来”呢?
实际是这样,因为时间飞逝,曾经的现在很快就会变成过去,曾经的将来也会变成过去,也就变成了“过去将来”。
总结一下:动词的时态
本文作者:苏承宗(公众号:英语语法教程)
现在完成时:
构成:have (has) +过去分词
含义:
1)在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;
2)也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
句型:
1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:
It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我首要次访问这城市。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我首要次听他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is +形容词特出级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的超卓的电影。
公众号:英语语法学习
提起时态,当然是指动词的时态啦。过去、现在和未来等不同时间段发生的事情要用不同的时态来表示。时态是动词的一种形式,表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和方式。闭上眼睛想一想,初中我们学过的时态有几个? 初中我们共学过八种时态。本讲将这几个时态总体介绍一下:
一般现在时:常与always,often,sometimes, every day连用,表示习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单数做主语时,别忘了动词的变化。注意:象“地球大,月亮小”等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。
现在进行时:要注意其构成:由be+动词+ing,表示说话时正在进行的动作。如:Were studying now. 我们现在正在学习。
一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday,last year,in 1949,two years ago,等表示过去时间的状语连用。注意:We often went to dance last summer.有的同学一见到often就想到用一般现在时,其实因为后面有表示过去时间的 last summer,所以要用过去式,千万别误用了,切记,切记。
过去进行时:显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么,常和特定的时间状语如at that time,at six yesterday,at that moment,when he came in等连用。如: When he knocked at the door,his mother was cooking.
一般将来时:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来时间状语如 next year,tomorrow等连用。注意:在Will you ....?问句中,回答必须是 Yes,I will.或 No,I wont而不能用Yes,I shall. No, I shant.来回答过去将来时:过去将来时不可以单独使用,它一般在宾语从句中作间接引语,表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如:They told me that they would go to work in Guangdong.
现在完成时:顾名思义,现在完成时表示的是已经完成的动作,但动作造成的影响还在,常被just,already,yet 等副词修饰。如:He has already gone to Tianjin. 对现在造成的影响是他已经不在这儿了。现在完成时还可用来表示过去发生的动作一直延续到现在,常带有for或since等表示一段时间的状语。如:Mr Wang has lived here since 1983.表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,我们常用“过”来表示,常带有twice, once, ever, never等时间状语。如:Ive never seen that film.
过去完成时:我们可以用“过去的过去”来概括过去完成时,表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,通常与by,before等构成的短语或when, before, after引导的从句连用。也可表示过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for或since构成的时间状语连用。用法和现在完成时大致相同,只不过又向前推了一个时态。
1. 一般现在时
He drinks five glasses of wine a day.
他一天喝5杯葡萄酒。
2. 现在进行时
He is drinking wine in a bathtub(while the cat is watching him washing his hair).
他正躺在浴缸里喝着葡萄酒,而喵星人在一旁看着他洗头。
3. 现在完成时
Jeffery has drunk three glasses of wine on the beach this afternoon.
今天下午在沙滩上,杰弗里整整喝完了三杯葡萄酒。
4. 现在完成进行时
I have been drinking wine through a straw.
瞧这照片,我正用吸管喝着葡萄酒呢!
5. 一般过去时
Peter drank a small glass of red wine.
皮特将一小杯红酒一饮而尽。
6. 过去进行时
She was drinking some red wine when everyone else at the table started laughing.
餐桌上的其他人都在谈笑风生时,唯独她一人正独酌着。
7. 过去完成时
We had drunk all the wine before we opened our eyes.
一眨眼功夫,我们就将所有的酒一饮而尽了。
8. 过去完成进行时
We had been drinking wine for two hours when my wife walked into the restaurant.
我老婆来的时候,我们已经在这家餐厅喝了2个小时的酒了。
9. 一般将来时
She will not drink Champagne.
她是不会喝香槟的。
10. 将来进行时
This time tomorrow we will be drinking Champagne.
明天的这个时候,我们就喝着香槟happy啦!
11. 将来完成时
She will have drunk three bottles of wine by the end of the evening.
明晚之前,她将把这三瓶酒全部喝完。
12. 一般将来时(going to)
Roberto is going to drink wine with his pasta.
罗伯特喜欢用意面配酒。
(一)定义
过去进行时,是表示过去某个具体时刻正在进行的事情或动作。
(二)结构
was/were +doing (现在分词)
(三)用法
1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等等
(1)We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。
(2)What was he researching all day last Sunday?
上周日他一整天都在研究什么?
(3)My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来,受伤了。
(4)It was raining when they left the station.
他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。
(5)When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
当我到达山顶的时候,阳光灿烂。
2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。
What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?
昨天晚上九点她在做什么?首要文库网 (介词短语表示时间点)
When I saw him he was decorating his room.
当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。 (when从句表示时间点)
3. 在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。
While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.
他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.
他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)
4、表示在过去即将发生的动作。
She asked him whether he was coming back for supper.
5、表示过去的反复性或习惯性的动作,常与副词always, constantly, continually, frequently等连用,常常带有说话人的某种感情色彩。
His mother was always working like that.
他目前总是那样工作
6. 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有:agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。
(四)句型
肯定句: 主语+was/ were+ doing+…
He was cooking at six last night.
否定句: 主语+was/ were +not(wasn’t/ weren’t) +doing+…..
He was not cooking at six last night.
一般疑问句: Was/Were +主语+ doing+….?
两回答 肯:Yes, 主语+was/were 否:No,主语+wasn’t/ weren’t Was he cooking at six last night?
Yes ,he was No, he wasn’t.
特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
What was he doing at six last night?
when 和while的用法区别:
① when既指时间点,也可指一段时间,while只指一段时间,因此when引导的时间状语从句中的'动词可以是终止性动词,也可以是延续性动词,而while从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。
② when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时,也可以是先后发生;while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。 ③ 由when引导的时间状语从句,主句用过去进行时,从句应用一般过去时;如果从句和主句的动作同时发生,两句都用过去进行时的时候,多用while引导
When the teacher came in, we were talking.
当此句改变主从句的位置时,则为:
While we were talking, the teacher came in.
结构
1) 肯定形式:S. have/has +动词的过去分词done +O.
2) 否定形式:S. have/has+ not+ 动词的过去分词done +O.
3) 疑问形式:Have/has+ S. + 动词的过去分词 done +O.
主要用法
1、过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或导致的结果。这种状态下,already、just、never、ever、yet等副词常和谓语动词一起使用。如:
They have already come back from the museum.
She has already finished her homework.
2、过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能持续下去。这种状态下,for和since作为标志性词语常和谓语动词一起使用,而且此时的谓语动词往往是持续性动词(如stay、keep、wait等)。如:
I have lived here for ten years.
He has kept the clavichord since thirty years ago.
3、从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间内反复发生的动作。这种状态下,表频度的副词(often、always、seldom、never等)和表次数的单词或短语(如once、twice、three times)常和谓语动词一起使用。如:
You have never listened to me like this before.
She has ever been to France.
They have visited the Summer Palace many times.
标志性词语
1、副词already、just、never、ever、yet等。如:
She hasn't arrived in Scotland yet.
They have just left for Shanghai.
2、for和since。for+一段时间,since+具体时间。如:
He has learned Italian for five months.
He has learned Italian since five months ago.
3、so far和up to/till now。表示“迄今为止”。如:
So far, no one has heard any news about her.
She has read fifty books up to now.
4、recently、lately等表示“最近;簇新”的副词和形容词。如:
I've met her on several occasions recently.
He hasn't had enough sleep lately.
5、in the past/last+一段时间,表示“在过去的。时间里”。如:
In the past few years, new buildings have sprung up all over Beijing.
He had aged rapidly in the last few months.
6、次数。如:
I've tried many times, but there's no way.
He has been there at least twice.
句型转换
“have/has done”中的have/has是助动词,在进行句型转换中要注意不需要再另外借助助动词do/did/does,而是直接借用have/has。如:
肯定句:He has lived here for the last few years.
否定句:He hasn't lived here for the last few years.
一般疑问句:Has he lived here for the last few years?
划线提问:How long has he lived here? (划线部分为for the last few years)
一般过去时:
构成:did
含义:
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:
Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了”。例如:
It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。
It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了” “早该……了”,例如:
It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:
I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。
4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
比较:
Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)
注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。
2)情态动词 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一下吗?
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